[VOL-5486] Upgrade library versions

Change-Id: I8b4e88699e03f44ee13e467867f45ae3f0a63c4b
Signed-off-by: Abhay Kumar <abhay.kumar@radisys.com>
diff --git a/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/embed/config.go b/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/embed/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f4a6aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/embed/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1678 @@
+// Copyright 2016 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package embed
+
+import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/yaml"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/logutil"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/srv"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/tlsutil"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/transport"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/types"
+	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/featuregate"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/flags"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/netutil"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/config"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/api/membership"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/api/rafthttp"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/api/v3compactor"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/etcdserver/api/v3discovery"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3/features"
+)
+
+const (
+	ClusterStateFlagNew      = "new"
+	ClusterStateFlagExisting = "existing"
+
+	DefaultName                        = "default"
+	DefaultMaxSnapshots                = 5
+	DefaultMaxWALs                     = 5
+	DefaultMaxTxnOps                   = uint(128)
+	DefaultWarningApplyDuration        = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	DefaultWarningUnaryRequestDuration = 300 * time.Millisecond
+	DefaultMaxRequestBytes             = 1.5 * 1024 * 1024
+	DefaultMaxConcurrentStreams        = math.MaxUint32
+	DefaultGRPCKeepAliveMinTime        = 5 * time.Second
+	DefaultGRPCKeepAliveInterval       = 2 * time.Hour
+	DefaultGRPCKeepAliveTimeout        = 20 * time.Second
+	DefaultDowngradeCheckTime          = 5 * time.Second
+	DefaultAutoCompactionMode          = "periodic"
+	DefaultAutoCompactionRetention     = "0"
+	DefaultAuthToken                   = "simple"
+	DefaultCompactHashCheckTime        = time.Minute
+	DefaultLoggingFormat               = "json"
+
+	DefaultDiscoveryDialTimeout       = 2 * time.Second
+	DefaultDiscoveryRequestTimeOut    = 5 * time.Second
+	DefaultDiscoveryKeepAliveTime     = 2 * time.Second
+	DefaultDiscoveryKeepAliveTimeOut  = 6 * time.Second
+	DefaultDiscoveryInsecureTransport = true
+	DefaultSelfSignedCertValidity     = 1
+	DefaultTLSMinVersion              = string(tlsutil.TLSVersion12)
+
+	DefaultListenPeerURLs   = "http://localhost:2380"
+	DefaultListenClientURLs = "http://localhost:2379"
+
+	DefaultLogOutput = "default"
+	JournalLogOutput = "systemd/journal"
+	StdErrLogOutput  = "stderr"
+	StdOutLogOutput  = "stdout"
+
+	// DefaultLogRotationConfig is the default configuration used for log rotation.
+	// Log rotation is disabled by default.
+	// MaxSize    = 100 // MB
+	// MaxAge     = 0 // days (no limit)
+	// MaxBackups = 0 // no limit
+	// LocalTime  = false // use computers local time, UTC by default
+	// Compress   = false // compress the rotated log in gzip format
+	DefaultLogRotationConfig = `{"maxsize": 100, "maxage": 0, "maxbackups": 0, "localtime": false, "compress": false}`
+
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress is the default collector address.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DefaultDistributedTracingAddress instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress = "localhost:4317"
+	// DefaultDistributedTracingAddress is the default collector address.
+	DefaultDistributedTracingAddress = "localhost:4317"
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName is the default etcd service name.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DefaultDistributedTracingServiceName instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName = "etcd"
+	// DefaultDistributedTracingServiceName is the default etcd service name.
+	DefaultDistributedTracingServiceName = "etcd"
+
+	DefaultExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer = true
+
+	// DefaultStrictReconfigCheck is the default value for "--strict-reconfig-check" flag.
+	// It's enabled by default.
+	DefaultStrictReconfigCheck = true
+
+	// maxElectionMs specifies the maximum value of election timeout.
+	// More details are listed on etcd.io/docs > version > tuning/#time-parameters
+	maxElectionMs = 50000
+	// backend freelist map type
+	freelistArrayType = "array"
+
+	ServerFeatureGateFlagName = "feature-gates"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrConflictBootstrapFlags = fmt.Errorf("multiple discovery or bootstrap flags are set. " +
+		"Choose one of \"initial-cluster\", \"discovery\", \"discovery-endpoints\" or \"discovery-srv\"")
+	ErrUnsetAdvertiseClientURLsFlag = fmt.Errorf("--advertise-client-urls is required when --listen-client-urls is set explicitly")
+	ErrLogRotationInvalidLogOutput  = fmt.Errorf("--log-outputs requires a single file path when --log-rotate-config-json is defined")
+
+	DefaultInitialAdvertisePeerURLs = "http://localhost:2380"
+	DefaultAdvertiseClientURLs      = "http://localhost:2379"
+
+	defaultHostname   string
+	defaultHostStatus error
+
+	// indirection for testing
+	getCluster = srv.GetCluster
+
+	// in 3.6, we are migration all the --experimental flags to feature gate and flags without the prefix.
+	// This is the mapping from the non boolean `experimental-` to the new flags.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	experimentalFlagMigrationMap = map[string]string{
+		"experimental-compact-hash-check-time":              "compact-hash-check-time",
+		"experimental-corrupt-check-time":                   "corrupt-check-time",
+		"experimental-compaction-batch-limit":               "compaction-batch-limit",
+		"experimental-watch-progress-notify-interval":       "watch-progress-notify-interval",
+		"experimental-warning-apply-duration":               "warning-apply-duration",
+		"experimental-bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes": "bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes",
+		"experimental-memory-mlock":                         "memory-mlock",
+		"experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries":             "snapshot-catchup-entries",
+		"experimental-compaction-sleep-interval":            "compaction-sleep-interval",
+		"experimental-downgrade-check-time":                 "downgrade-check-time",
+		"experimental-peer-skip-client-san-verification":    "peer-skip-client-san-verification",
+		"experimental-enable-distributed-tracing":           "enable-distributed-tracing",
+		"experimental-distributed-tracing-address":          "distributed-tracing-address",
+		"experimental-distributed-tracing-service-name":     "distributed-tracing-service-name",
+		"experimental-distributed-tracing-instance-id":      "distributed-tracing-instance-id",
+		"experimental-distributed-tracing-sampling-rate":    "distributed-tracing-sampling-rate",
+	}
+)
+
+var (
+	// CompactorModePeriodic is periodic compaction mode
+	// for "Config.AutoCompactionMode" field.
+	// If "AutoCompactionMode" is CompactorModePeriodic and
+	// "AutoCompactionRetention" is "1h", it automatically compacts
+	// compacts storage every hour.
+	CompactorModePeriodic = v3compactor.ModePeriodic
+
+	// CompactorModeRevision is revision-based compaction mode
+	// for "Config.AutoCompactionMode" field.
+	// If "AutoCompactionMode" is CompactorModeRevision and
+	// "AutoCompactionRetention" is "1000", it compacts log on
+	// revision 5000 when the current revision is 6000.
+	// This runs every 5-minute if enough of logs have proceeded.
+	CompactorModeRevision = v3compactor.ModeRevision
+)
+
+func init() {
+	defaultHostname, defaultHostStatus = netutil.GetDefaultHost()
+}
+
+// Config holds the arguments for configuring an etcd server.
+type Config struct {
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	Dir  string `json:"data-dir"`
+	//revive:disable-next-line:var-naming
+	WalDir string `json:"wal-dir"`
+
+	// SnapshotCount is the number of committed transactions that trigger a snapshot to disk.
+	// TODO: remove it in 3.7.
+	// Deprecated: Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	SnapshotCount uint64 `json:"snapshot-count"`
+
+	// ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries is the number of entries for a slow follower
+	// to catch-up after compacting the raft storage entries.
+	// We expect the follower has a millisecond level latency with the leader.
+	// The max throughput is around 10K. Keep a 5K entries is enough for helping
+	// follower to catch up.
+	// TODO: remove in v3.7.
+	// Note we made a mistake in https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/15033. The json tag
+	// `*-catch-up-*` isn't consistent with the command line flag `*-catchup-*`.
+	// Deprecated: Use SnapshotCatchUpEntries instead. Will be removed in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries uint64 `json:"experimental-snapshot-catch-up-entries"`
+
+	// SnapshotCatchUpEntries is the number of entires for a slow follower
+	// to catch-up after compacting the raft storage entries.
+	// We expect the follower has a millisecond level latency with the leader.
+	// The max throughput is around 10K. Keep a 5K entries is enough for helping
+	// follower to catch up.
+	SnapshotCatchUpEntries uint64 `json:"snapshot-catchup-entries"`
+
+	// MaxSnapFiles is the maximum number of snapshot files.
+	// TODO: remove it in 3.7.
+	// Deprecated: Will be removed in v3.7.
+	MaxSnapFiles uint `json:"max-snapshots"`
+	//revive:disable-next-line:var-naming
+	MaxWalFiles uint `json:"max-wals"`
+
+	// TickMs is the number of milliseconds between heartbeat ticks.
+	// TODO: decouple tickMs and heartbeat tick (current heartbeat tick = 1).
+	// make ticks a cluster wide configuration.
+	TickMs     uint `json:"heartbeat-interval"`
+	ElectionMs uint `json:"election-timeout"`
+
+	// InitialElectionTickAdvance is true, then local member fast-forwards
+	// election ticks to speed up "initial" leader election trigger. This
+	// benefits the case of larger election ticks. For instance, cross
+	// datacenter deployment may require longer election timeout of 10-second.
+	// If true, local node does not need wait up to 10-second. Instead,
+	// forwards its election ticks to 8-second, and have only 2-second left
+	// before leader election.
+	//
+	// Major assumptions are that:
+	//  - cluster has no active leader thus advancing ticks enables faster
+	//    leader election, or
+	//  - cluster already has an established leader, and rejoining follower
+	//    is likely to receive heartbeats from the leader after tick advance
+	//    and before election timeout.
+	//
+	// However, when network from leader to rejoining follower is congested,
+	// and the follower does not receive leader heartbeat within left election
+	// ticks, disruptive election has to happen thus affecting cluster
+	// availabilities.
+	//
+	// Disabling this would slow down initial bootstrap process for cross
+	// datacenter deployments. Make your own tradeoffs by configuring
+	// --initial-election-tick-advance at the cost of slow initial bootstrap.
+	//
+	// If single-node, it advances ticks regardless.
+	//
+	// See https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/9333 for more detail.
+	InitialElectionTickAdvance bool `json:"initial-election-tick-advance"`
+
+	// BackendBatchInterval is the maximum time before commit the backend transaction.
+	BackendBatchInterval time.Duration `json:"backend-batch-interval"`
+	// BackendBatchLimit is the maximum operations before commit the backend transaction.
+	BackendBatchLimit int `json:"backend-batch-limit"`
+	// BackendFreelistType specifies the type of freelist that boltdb backend uses (array and map are supported types).
+	BackendFreelistType string `json:"backend-bbolt-freelist-type"`
+	QuotaBackendBytes   int64  `json:"quota-backend-bytes"`
+	MaxTxnOps           uint   `json:"max-txn-ops"`
+	MaxRequestBytes     uint   `json:"max-request-bytes"`
+
+	// MaxConcurrentStreams specifies the maximum number of concurrent
+	// streams that each client can open at a time.
+	MaxConcurrentStreams uint32 `json:"max-concurrent-streams"`
+
+	//revive:disable:var-naming
+	ListenPeerUrls, ListenClientUrls, ListenClientHttpUrls []url.URL
+	AdvertisePeerUrls, AdvertiseClientUrls                 []url.URL
+	//revive:enable:var-naming
+
+	ClientTLSInfo transport.TLSInfo
+	ClientAutoTLS bool
+	PeerTLSInfo   transport.TLSInfo
+	PeerAutoTLS   bool
+
+	// SelfSignedCertValidity specifies the validity period of the client and peer certificates
+	// that are automatically generated by etcd when you specify ClientAutoTLS and PeerAutoTLS,
+	// the unit is year, and the default is 1
+	SelfSignedCertValidity uint `json:"self-signed-cert-validity"`
+
+	// CipherSuites is a list of supported TLS cipher suites between
+	// client/server and peers. If empty, Go auto-populates the list.
+	// Note that cipher suites are prioritized in the given order.
+	CipherSuites []string `json:"cipher-suites"`
+
+	// TlsMinVersion is the minimum accepted TLS version between client/server and peers.
+	//revive:disable-next-line:var-naming
+	TlsMinVersion string `json:"tls-min-version"`
+
+	// TlsMaxVersion is the maximum accepted TLS version between client/server and peers.
+	//revive:disable-next-line:var-naming
+	TlsMaxVersion string `json:"tls-max-version"`
+
+	ClusterState          string `json:"initial-cluster-state"`
+	DNSCluster            string `json:"discovery-srv"`
+	DNSClusterServiceName string `json:"discovery-srv-name"`
+	Dproxy                string `json:"discovery-proxy"`
+
+	Durl         string                      `json:"discovery"`
+	DiscoveryCfg v3discovery.DiscoveryConfig `json:"discovery-config"`
+
+	InitialCluster      string `json:"initial-cluster"`
+	InitialClusterToken string `json:"initial-cluster-token"`
+	StrictReconfigCheck bool   `json:"strict-reconfig-check"`
+
+	// AutoCompactionMode is either 'periodic' or 'revision'.
+	AutoCompactionMode string `json:"auto-compaction-mode"`
+	// AutoCompactionRetention is either duration string with time unit
+	// (e.g. '5m' for 5-minute), or revision unit (e.g. '5000').
+	// If no time unit is provided and compaction mode is 'periodic',
+	// the unit defaults to hour. For example, '5' translates into 5-hour.
+	AutoCompactionRetention string `json:"auto-compaction-retention"`
+
+	// GRPCKeepAliveMinTime is the minimum interval that a client should
+	// wait before pinging server. When client pings "too fast", server
+	// sends goaway and closes the connection (errors: too_many_pings,
+	// http2.ErrCodeEnhanceYourCalm). When too slow, nothing happens.
+	// Server expects client pings only when there is any active streams
+	// (PermitWithoutStream is set false).
+	GRPCKeepAliveMinTime time.Duration `json:"grpc-keepalive-min-time"`
+	// GRPCKeepAliveInterval is the frequency of server-to-client ping
+	// to check if a connection is alive. Close a non-responsive connection
+	// after an additional duration of Timeout. 0 to disable.
+	GRPCKeepAliveInterval time.Duration `json:"grpc-keepalive-interval"`
+	// GRPCKeepAliveTimeout is the additional duration of wait
+	// before closing a non-responsive connection. 0 to disable.
+	GRPCKeepAliveTimeout time.Duration `json:"grpc-keepalive-timeout"`
+
+	// GRPCAdditionalServerOptions is the additional server option hook
+	// for changing the default internal gRPC configuration. Note these
+	// additional configurations take precedence over the existing individual
+	// configurations if present. Please refer to
+	// https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/14066#issuecomment-1248682996
+	GRPCAdditionalServerOptions []grpc.ServerOption `json:"grpc-additional-server-options"`
+
+	// SocketOpts are socket options passed to listener config.
+	SocketOpts transport.SocketOpts `json:"socket-options"`
+
+	// PreVote is true to enable Raft Pre-Vote.
+	// If enabled, Raft runs an additional election phase
+	// to check whether it would get enough votes to win
+	// an election, thus minimizing disruptions.
+	PreVote bool `json:"pre-vote"`
+
+	CORS map[string]struct{}
+
+	// HostWhitelist lists acceptable hostnames from HTTP client requests.
+	// Client origin policy protects against "DNS Rebinding" attacks
+	// to insecure etcd servers. That is, any website can simply create
+	// an authorized DNS name, and direct DNS to "localhost" (or any
+	// other address). Then, all HTTP endpoints of etcd server listening
+	// on "localhost" becomes accessible, thus vulnerable to DNS rebinding
+	// attacks. See "CVE-2018-5702" for more detail.
+	//
+	// 1. If client connection is secure via HTTPS, allow any hostnames.
+	// 2. If client connection is not secure and "HostWhitelist" is not empty,
+	//    only allow HTTP requests whose Host field is listed in whitelist.
+	//
+	// Note that the client origin policy is enforced whether authentication
+	// is enabled or not, for tighter controls.
+	//
+	// By default, "HostWhitelist" is "*", which allows any hostnames.
+	// Note that when specifying hostnames, loopback addresses are not added
+	// automatically. To allow loopback interfaces, leave it empty or set it "*",
+	// or add them to whitelist manually (e.g. "localhost", "127.0.0.1", etc.).
+	//
+	// CVE-2018-5702 reference:
+	// - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1447#c2
+	// - https://github.com/transmission/transmission/pull/468
+	// - https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/9353
+	HostWhitelist map[string]struct{}
+
+	// UserHandlers is for registering users handlers and only used for
+	// embedding etcd into other applications.
+	// The map key is the route path for the handler, and
+	// you must ensure it can't be conflicted with etcd's.
+	UserHandlers map[string]http.Handler `json:"-"`
+	// ServiceRegister is for registering users' gRPC services. A simple usage example:
+	//	cfg := embed.NewConfig()
+	//	cfg.ServiceRegister = func(s *grpc.Server) {
+	//		pb.RegisterFooServer(s, &fooServer{})
+	//		pb.RegisterBarServer(s, &barServer{})
+	//	}
+	//	embed.StartEtcd(cfg)
+	ServiceRegister func(*grpc.Server) `json:"-"`
+
+	AuthToken  string `json:"auth-token"`
+	BcryptCost uint   `json:"bcrypt-cost"`
+
+	// AuthTokenTTL in seconds of the simple token
+	AuthTokenTTL uint `json:"auth-token-ttl"`
+
+	// ExperimentalInitialCorruptCheck defines to check data corrution on boot.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use InitialCorruptCheck Feature Gate instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalInitialCorruptCheck bool `json:"experimental-initial-corrupt-check"`
+	// ExperimentalCorruptCheckTime is the duration of time between cluster corruption check passes.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use CorruptCheckTime instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalCorruptCheckTime time.Duration `json:"experimental-corrupt-check-time"`
+	// CorruptCheckTime is the duration of time between cluster corruption check passes.
+	CorruptCheckTime time.Duration `json:"corrupt-check-time"`
+	// ExperimentalCompactHashCheckEnabled enables leader to periodically check followers compaction hashes.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use CompactHashCheck Feature Gate. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalCompactHashCheckEnabled bool `json:"experimental-compact-hash-check-enabled"`
+	// ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime is the duration of time between leader checks followers compaction hashes.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use CompactHashCheckTime instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime time.Duration `json:"experimental-compact-hash-check-time"`
+	// CompactHashCheckTime is the duration of time between leader checks followers compaction hashes.
+	CompactHashCheckTime time.Duration `json:"compact-hash-check-time"`
+
+	// ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpoint enables leader to send regular checkpoints to other members to prevent reset of remaining TTL on leader change.
+	ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpoint bool `json:"experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint"`
+	// ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpointPersist enables persisting remainingTTL to prevent indefinite auto-renewal of long lived leases. Always enabled in v3.6. Should be used to ensure smooth upgrade from v3.5 clusters with this feature enabled.
+	// Requires experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint to be enabled.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: To be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpointPersist bool `json:"experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint-persist"`
+	// ExperimentalCompactionBatchLimit Sets the maximum revisions deleted in each compaction batch.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use CompactionBatchLimit instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalCompactionBatchLimit int `json:"experimental-compaction-batch-limit"`
+	// CompactionBatchLimit Sets the maximum revisions deleted in each compaction batch.
+	CompactionBatchLimit int `json:"compaction-batch-limit"`
+	// ExperimentalCompactionSleepInterval is the sleep interval between every etcd compaction loop.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use CompactionSleepInterval instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalCompactionSleepInterval time.Duration `json:"experimental-compaction-sleep-interval"`
+	// CompactionSleepInterval is the sleep interval between every etcd compaction loop.
+	CompactionSleepInterval time.Duration `json:"compaction-sleep-interval"`
+	// ExperimentalWatchProgressNotifyInterval is the time duration of periodic watch progress notifications.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use WatchProgressNotifyInterval instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalWatchProgressNotifyInterval time.Duration `json:"experimental-watch-progress-notify-interval"`
+	// WatchProgressNotifyInterval is the time duration of periodic watch progress notifications.
+	WatchProgressNotifyInterval time.Duration `json:"watch-progress-notify-interval"`
+	// ExperimentalWarningApplyDuration is the time duration after which a warning is generated if applying request
+	// takes more time than this value.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use WarningApplyDuration instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalWarningApplyDuration time.Duration `json:"experimental-warning-apply-duration"`
+	// WarningApplyDuration is the time duration after which a warning is generated if applying request
+	WarningApplyDuration time.Duration `json:"warning-apply-duration"`
+	// ExperimentalBootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes is the minimum number of megabytes needed to be freed for etcd server to
+	// consider running defrag during bootstrap. Needs to be set to non-zero value to take effect.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use BootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalBootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes uint `json:"experimental-bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes"`
+	// BootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes is the minimum number of megabytes needed to be freed for etcd server to
+	BootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes uint `json:"bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes"`
+	// WarningUnaryRequestDuration is the time duration after which a warning is generated if applying
+	// unary request takes more time than this value.
+	WarningUnaryRequestDuration time.Duration `json:"warning-unary-request-duration"`
+	// ExperimentalWarningUnaryRequestDuration is the time duration after which a warning is generated if applying
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use WarningUnaryRequestDuration. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalWarningUnaryRequestDuration time.Duration `json:"experimental-warning-unary-request-duration"`
+	// MaxLearners sets a limit to the number of learner members that can exist in the cluster membership.
+	MaxLearners int `json:"max-learners"`
+
+	// ForceNewCluster starts a new cluster even if previously started; unsafe.
+	ForceNewCluster bool `json:"force-new-cluster"`
+
+	EnablePprof           bool   `json:"enable-pprof"`
+	Metrics               string `json:"metrics"`
+	ListenMetricsUrls     []url.URL
+	ListenMetricsUrlsJSON string `json:"listen-metrics-urls"`
+
+	// ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing indicates if experimental tracing using OpenTelemetry is enabled.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use EnableDistributedTracing instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing bool `json:"experimental-enable-distributed-tracing"`
+	// EnableDistributedTracing indicates if tracing using OpenTelemetry is enabled.
+	EnableDistributedTracing bool `json:"enable-distributed-tracing"`
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress is the address of the OpenTelemetry Collector.
+	// Can only be set if ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DistributedTracingAddress instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress string `json:"experimental-distributed-tracing-address"`
+	// DistributedTracingAddress is the address of the OpenTelemetry Collector.
+	// Can only be set if EnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	DistributedTracingAddress string `json:"distributed-tracing-address"`
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName is the name of the service.
+	// Can only be used if ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DistributedTracingServiceName instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName string `json:"experimental-distributed-tracing-service-name"`
+	// DistributedTracingServiceName is the name of the service.
+	// Can only be used if EnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	DistributedTracingServiceName string `json:"distributed-tracing-service-name"`
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceInstanceID is the ID key of the service.
+	// This ID must be unique, as helps to distinguish instances of the same service
+	// that exist at the same time.
+	// Can only be used if ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DistributedTracingServiceInstanceID instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceInstanceID string `json:"experimental-distributed-tracing-instance-id"`
+	// DistributedTracingServiceInstanceID is the ID key of the service.
+	// This ID must be unique, as helps to distinguish instances of the same service
+	// that exist at the same time.
+	// Can only be used if EnableDistributedTracing is true.
+	DistributedTracingServiceInstanceID string `json:"distributed-tracing-instance-id"`
+	// ExperimentalDistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion is the number of samples to collect per million spans.
+	// Defaults to 0.
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use DistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion int `json:"experimental-distributed-tracing-sampling-rate"`
+	// DistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion is the number of samples to collect per million spans.
+	// Defaults to 0.
+	DistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion int `json:"distributed-tracing-sampling-rate"`
+
+	// ExperimentalPeerSkipClientSanVerification determines whether to skip verification of SAN field
+	// in client certificate for peer connections.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use `peer-skip-client-san-verification` instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalPeerSkipClientSanVerification bool `json:"experimental-peer-skip-client-san-verification"`
+
+	// Logger is logger options: currently only supports "zap".
+	// "capnslog" is removed in v3.5.
+	Logger string `json:"logger"`
+	// LogLevel configures log level. Only supports debug, info, warn, error, panic, or fatal. Default 'info'.
+	LogLevel string `json:"log-level"`
+	// LogFormat set log encoding. Only supports json, console. Default is 'json'.
+	LogFormat string `json:"log-format"`
+	// LogOutputs is either:
+	//  - "default" as os.Stderr,
+	//  - "stderr" as os.Stderr,
+	//  - "stdout" as os.Stdout,
+	//  - file path to append server logs to.
+	// It can be multiple when "Logger" is zap.
+	LogOutputs []string `json:"log-outputs"`
+	// EnableLogRotation enables log rotation of a single LogOutputs file target.
+	EnableLogRotation bool `json:"enable-log-rotation"`
+	// LogRotationConfigJSON is a passthrough allowing a log rotation JSON config to be passed directly.
+	LogRotationConfigJSON string `json:"log-rotation-config-json"`
+	// ZapLoggerBuilder is used to build the zap logger.
+	ZapLoggerBuilder func(*Config) error
+
+	// logger logs server-side operations. The default is nil,
+	// and "setupLogging" must be called before starting server.
+	// Do not set logger directly.
+	loggerMu *sync.RWMutex
+	logger   *zap.Logger
+	// EnableGRPCGateway enables grpc gateway.
+	// The gateway translates a RESTful HTTP API into gRPC.
+	EnableGRPCGateway bool `json:"enable-grpc-gateway"`
+
+	// UnsafeNoFsync disables all uses of fsync.
+	// Setting this is unsafe and will cause data loss.
+	UnsafeNoFsync bool `json:"unsafe-no-fsync"`
+
+	// ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime is the duration between two downgrade status checks (in seconds).
+	// TODO: Delete `ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime` in v3.7.
+	// Deprecated: Use DowngradeCheckTime instead. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime time.Duration `json:"experimental-downgrade-check-time"`
+	// DowngradeCheckTime is the duration between two downgrade status checks (in seconds).
+	DowngradeCheckTime time.Duration `json:"downgrade-check-time"`
+
+	// MemoryMlock enables mlocking of etcd owned memory pages.
+	// The setting improves etcd tail latency in environments were:
+	//   - memory pressure might lead to swapping pages to disk
+	//   - disk latency might be unstable
+	// Currently all etcd memory gets mlocked, but in future the flag can
+	// be refined to mlock in-use area of bbolt only.
+	MemoryMlock bool `json:"memory-mlock"`
+
+	// ExperimentalMemoryMlock enables mlocking of etcd owned memory pages.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use MemoryMlock instad. To be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalMemoryMlock bool `json:"experimental-memory-mlock"`
+
+	// ExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer enables write transaction to use a shared buffer in its readonly check operations.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use TxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer Feature Flag. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer bool `json:"experimental-txn-mode-write-with-shared-buffer"`
+
+	// ExperimentalStopGRPCServiceOnDefrag enables etcd gRPC service to stop serving client requests on defragmentation.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.7
+	// Deprecated: Use StopGRPCServiceOnDefrag Feature Flag. Will be decommissioned in v3.7.
+	ExperimentalStopGRPCServiceOnDefrag bool `json:"experimental-stop-grpc-service-on-defrag"`
+
+	// V2Deprecation describes phase of API & Storage V2 support.
+	// Do not set this field for embedded use cases, as it has no effect. However, setting it will not cause any harm.
+	// TODO: Delete in v3.8
+	// Deprecated: The default value is enforced, to be removed in v3.8.
+	V2Deprecation config.V2DeprecationEnum `json:"v2-deprecation"`
+
+	// ServerFeatureGate is a server level feature gate
+	ServerFeatureGate featuregate.FeatureGate
+	// FlagsExplicitlySet stores if a flag is explicitly set from the cmd line or config file.
+	FlagsExplicitlySet map[string]bool
+}
+
+// configYAML holds the config suitable for yaml parsing
+type configYAML struct {
+	Config
+	configJSON
+}
+
+// configJSON has file options that are translated into Config options
+type configJSON struct {
+	ListenPeerURLs       string `json:"listen-peer-urls"`
+	ListenClientURLs     string `json:"listen-client-urls"`
+	ListenClientHTTPURLs string `json:"listen-client-http-urls"`
+	AdvertisePeerURLs    string `json:"initial-advertise-peer-urls"`
+	AdvertiseClientURLs  string `json:"advertise-client-urls"`
+
+	CORSJSON          string `json:"cors"`
+	HostWhitelistJSON string `json:"host-whitelist"`
+
+	ClientSecurityJSON securityConfig `json:"client-transport-security"`
+	PeerSecurityJSON   securityConfig `json:"peer-transport-security"`
+
+	ServerFeatureGatesJSON string `json:"feature-gates"`
+}
+
+type securityConfig struct {
+	CertFile            string   `json:"cert-file"`
+	KeyFile             string   `json:"key-file"`
+	ClientCertFile      string   `json:"client-cert-file"`
+	ClientKeyFile       string   `json:"client-key-file"`
+	CertAuth            bool     `json:"client-cert-auth"`
+	TrustedCAFile       string   `json:"trusted-ca-file"`
+	AutoTLS             bool     `json:"auto-tls"`
+	AllowedCNs          []string `json:"allowed-cn"`
+	AllowedHostnames    []string `json:"allowed-hostname"`
+	SkipClientSANVerify bool     `json:"skip-client-san-verification,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// NewConfig creates a new Config populated with default values.
+func NewConfig() *Config {
+	lpurl, _ := url.Parse(DefaultListenPeerURLs)
+	apurl, _ := url.Parse(DefaultInitialAdvertisePeerURLs)
+	lcurl, _ := url.Parse(DefaultListenClientURLs)
+	acurl, _ := url.Parse(DefaultAdvertiseClientURLs)
+	cfg := &Config{
+		MaxSnapFiles: DefaultMaxSnapshots,
+		MaxWalFiles:  DefaultMaxWALs,
+
+		Name: DefaultName,
+
+		SnapshotCount:                      etcdserver.DefaultSnapshotCount,
+		ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries: etcdserver.DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries,
+		SnapshotCatchUpEntries:             etcdserver.DefaultSnapshotCatchUpEntries,
+
+		MaxTxnOps:            DefaultMaxTxnOps,
+		MaxRequestBytes:      DefaultMaxRequestBytes,
+		MaxConcurrentStreams: DefaultMaxConcurrentStreams,
+		WarningApplyDuration: DefaultWarningApplyDuration,
+
+		GRPCKeepAliveMinTime:  DefaultGRPCKeepAliveMinTime,
+		GRPCKeepAliveInterval: DefaultGRPCKeepAliveInterval,
+		GRPCKeepAliveTimeout:  DefaultGRPCKeepAliveTimeout,
+
+		SocketOpts: transport.SocketOpts{
+			ReusePort:    false,
+			ReuseAddress: false,
+		},
+
+		TickMs:                     100,
+		ElectionMs:                 1000,
+		InitialElectionTickAdvance: true,
+
+		ListenPeerUrls:      []url.URL{*lpurl},
+		ListenClientUrls:    []url.URL{*lcurl},
+		AdvertisePeerUrls:   []url.URL{*apurl},
+		AdvertiseClientUrls: []url.URL{*acurl},
+
+		ClusterState:        ClusterStateFlagNew,
+		InitialClusterToken: "etcd-cluster",
+
+		StrictReconfigCheck: DefaultStrictReconfigCheck,
+		Metrics:             "basic",
+
+		CORS:          map[string]struct{}{"*": {}},
+		HostWhitelist: map[string]struct{}{"*": {}},
+
+		AuthToken:              DefaultAuthToken,
+		BcryptCost:             uint(bcrypt.DefaultCost),
+		AuthTokenTTL:           300,
+		SelfSignedCertValidity: DefaultSelfSignedCertValidity,
+		TlsMinVersion:          DefaultTLSMinVersion,
+
+		PreVote: true,
+
+		loggerMu:              new(sync.RWMutex),
+		logger:                nil,
+		Logger:                "zap",
+		LogFormat:             DefaultLoggingFormat,
+		LogOutputs:            []string{DefaultLogOutput},
+		LogLevel:              logutil.DefaultLogLevel,
+		EnableLogRotation:     false,
+		LogRotationConfigJSON: DefaultLogRotationConfig,
+		EnableGRPCGateway:     true,
+
+		ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime: DefaultDowngradeCheckTime,
+		DowngradeCheckTime:             DefaultDowngradeCheckTime,
+		MemoryMlock:                    false,
+		// TODO: delete in v3.7
+		ExperimentalMemoryMlock:             false,
+		ExperimentalStopGRPCServiceOnDefrag: false,
+		MaxLearners:                         membership.DefaultMaxLearners,
+
+		ExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer:  DefaultExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer,
+		ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress:     DefaultDistributedTracingAddress,
+		DistributedTracingAddress:                 DefaultDistributedTracingAddress,
+		ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName: DefaultDistributedTracingServiceName,
+		DistributedTracingServiceName:             DefaultDistributedTracingServiceName,
+
+		CompactHashCheckTime: DefaultCompactHashCheckTime,
+		// TODO: delete in v3.7
+		ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime: DefaultCompactHashCheckTime,
+
+		V2Deprecation: config.V2DeprDefault,
+
+		DiscoveryCfg: v3discovery.DiscoveryConfig{
+			ConfigSpec: clientv3.ConfigSpec{
+				DialTimeout:      DefaultDiscoveryDialTimeout,
+				RequestTimeout:   DefaultDiscoveryRequestTimeOut,
+				KeepAliveTime:    DefaultDiscoveryKeepAliveTime,
+				KeepAliveTimeout: DefaultDiscoveryKeepAliveTimeOut,
+
+				Secure: &clientv3.SecureConfig{
+					InsecureTransport: true,
+				},
+				Auth: &clientv3.AuthConfig{},
+			},
+		},
+
+		AutoCompactionMode:      DefaultAutoCompactionMode,
+		AutoCompactionRetention: DefaultAutoCompactionRetention,
+		ServerFeatureGate:       features.NewDefaultServerFeatureGate(DefaultName, nil),
+		FlagsExplicitlySet:      map[string]bool{},
+	}
+	cfg.InitialCluster = cfg.InitialClusterFromName(cfg.Name)
+	return cfg
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) AddFlags(fs *flag.FlagSet) {
+	// member
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Dir, "data-dir", cfg.Dir, "Path to the data directory.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.WalDir, "wal-dir", cfg.WalDir, "Path to the dedicated wal directory.")
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions(DefaultListenPeerURLs, ""),
+		"listen-peer-urls",
+		"List of URLs to listen on for peer traffic.",
+	)
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions(DefaultListenClientURLs, ""), "listen-client-urls",
+		"List of URLs to listen on for client grpc traffic and http as long as --listen-client-http-urls is not specified.",
+	)
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions("", ""), "listen-client-http-urls",
+		"List of URLs to listen on for http only client traffic. Enabling this flag removes http services from --listen-client-urls.",
+	)
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions("", ""),
+		"listen-metrics-urls",
+		"List of URLs to listen on for the metrics and health endpoints.",
+	)
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.MaxSnapFiles, "max-snapshots", cfg.MaxSnapFiles, "Maximum number of snapshot files to retain (0 is unlimited). Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.MaxWalFiles, "max-wals", cfg.MaxWalFiles, "Maximum number of wal files to retain (0 is unlimited).")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Name, "name", cfg.Name, "Human-readable name for this member.")
+	fs.Uint64Var(&cfg.SnapshotCount, "snapshot-count", cfg.SnapshotCount, "Number of committed transactions to trigger a snapshot to disk. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.TickMs, "heartbeat-interval", cfg.TickMs, "Time (in milliseconds) of a heartbeat interval.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.ElectionMs, "election-timeout", cfg.ElectionMs, "Time (in milliseconds) for an election to timeout.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.InitialElectionTickAdvance, "initial-election-tick-advance", cfg.InitialElectionTickAdvance, "Whether to fast-forward initial election ticks on boot for faster election.")
+	fs.Int64Var(&cfg.QuotaBackendBytes, "quota-backend-bytes", cfg.QuotaBackendBytes, "Sets the maximum size (in bytes) that the etcd backend database may consume. Exceeding this triggers an alarm and puts etcd in read-only mode. Set to 0 to use the default 2GiB limit.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.BackendFreelistType, "backend-bbolt-freelist-type", cfg.BackendFreelistType, "BackendFreelistType specifies the type of freelist that boltdb backend uses(array and map are supported types)")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.BackendBatchInterval, "backend-batch-interval", cfg.BackendBatchInterval, "BackendBatchInterval is the maximum time before commit the backend transaction.")
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.BackendBatchLimit, "backend-batch-limit", cfg.BackendBatchLimit, "BackendBatchLimit is the maximum operations before commit the backend transaction.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.MaxTxnOps, "max-txn-ops", cfg.MaxTxnOps, "Maximum number of operations permitted in a transaction.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.MaxRequestBytes, "max-request-bytes", cfg.MaxRequestBytes, "Maximum client request size in bytes the server will accept.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.GRPCKeepAliveMinTime, "grpc-keepalive-min-time", cfg.GRPCKeepAliveMinTime, "Minimum interval duration that a client should wait before pinging server.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.GRPCKeepAliveInterval, "grpc-keepalive-interval", cfg.GRPCKeepAliveInterval, "Frequency duration of server-to-client ping to check if a connection is alive (0 to disable).")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.GRPCKeepAliveTimeout, "grpc-keepalive-timeout", cfg.GRPCKeepAliveTimeout, "Additional duration of wait before closing a non-responsive connection (0 to disable).")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.SocketOpts.ReusePort, "socket-reuse-port", cfg.SocketOpts.ReusePort, "Enable to set socket option SO_REUSEPORT on listeners allowing rebinding of a port already in use.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.SocketOpts.ReuseAddress, "socket-reuse-address", cfg.SocketOpts.ReuseAddress, "Enable to set socket option SO_REUSEADDR on listeners allowing binding to an address in `TIME_WAIT` state.")
+
+	fs.Var(flags.NewUint32Value(cfg.MaxConcurrentStreams), "max-concurrent-streams", "Maximum concurrent streams that each client can open at a time.")
+
+	// raft connection timeouts
+	fs.DurationVar(&rafthttp.ConnReadTimeout, "raft-read-timeout", rafthttp.DefaultConnReadTimeout, "Read timeout set on each rafthttp connection")
+	fs.DurationVar(&rafthttp.ConnWriteTimeout, "raft-write-timeout", rafthttp.DefaultConnWriteTimeout, "Write timeout set on each rafthttp connection")
+
+	// clustering
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions(DefaultInitialAdvertisePeerURLs, ""),
+		"initial-advertise-peer-urls",
+		"List of this member's peer URLs to advertise to the rest of the cluster.",
+	)
+
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions(DefaultAdvertiseClientURLs, ""),
+		"advertise-client-urls",
+		"List of this member's client URLs to advertise to the public.",
+	)
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Durl, "discovery", cfg.Durl, "Discovery URL used to bootstrap the cluster for v2 discovery. Will be deprecated in v3.7, and be decommissioned in v3.8.")
+
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueStringsValue(""),
+		"discovery-endpoints",
+		"V3 discovery: List of gRPC endpoints of the discovery service.",
+	)
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Token, "discovery-token", "", "V3 discovery: discovery token for the etcd cluster to be bootstrapped.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.DialTimeout, "discovery-dial-timeout", cfg.DiscoveryCfg.DialTimeout, "V3 discovery: dial timeout for client connections.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.RequestTimeout, "discovery-request-timeout", cfg.DiscoveryCfg.RequestTimeout, "V3 discovery: timeout for discovery requests (excluding dial timeout).")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.KeepAliveTime, "discovery-keepalive-time", cfg.DiscoveryCfg.KeepAliveTime, "V3 discovery: keepalive time for client connections.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.KeepAliveTimeout, "discovery-keepalive-timeout", cfg.DiscoveryCfg.KeepAliveTimeout, "V3 discovery: keepalive timeout for client connections.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.InsecureTransport, "discovery-insecure-transport", true, "V3 discovery: disable transport security for client connections.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.InsecureSkipVerify, "discovery-insecure-skip-tls-verify", false, "V3 discovery: skip server certificate verification (CAUTION: this option should be enabled only for testing purposes).")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Cert, "discovery-cert", "", "V3 discovery: identify secure client using this TLS certificate file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Key, "discovery-key", "", "V3 discovery: identify secure client using this TLS key file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Cacert, "discovery-cacert", "", "V3 discovery: verify certificates of TLS-enabled secure servers using this CA bundle.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Auth.Username, "discovery-user", "", "V3 discovery: username[:password] for authentication (prompt if password is not supplied).")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Auth.Password, "discovery-password", "", "V3 discovery: password for authentication (if this option is used, --user option shouldn't include password).")
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Dproxy, "discovery-proxy", cfg.Dproxy, "HTTP proxy to use for traffic to discovery service. Will be deprecated in v3.7, and be decommissioned in v3.8.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DNSCluster, "discovery-srv", cfg.DNSCluster, "DNS domain used to bootstrap initial cluster.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DNSClusterServiceName, "discovery-srv-name", cfg.DNSClusterServiceName, "Service name to query when using DNS discovery.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.InitialCluster, "initial-cluster", cfg.InitialCluster, "Initial cluster configuration for bootstrapping.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.InitialClusterToken, "initial-cluster-token", cfg.InitialClusterToken, "Initial cluster token for the etcd cluster during bootstrap.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.StrictReconfigCheck, "strict-reconfig-check", cfg.StrictReconfigCheck, "Reject reconfiguration requests that would cause quorum loss.")
+
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.PreVote, "pre-vote", cfg.PreVote, "Enable the raft Pre-Vote algorithm to prevent disruption when a node that has been partitioned away rejoins the cluster.")
+
+	// security
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.CertFile, "cert-file", "", "Path to the client server TLS cert file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.KeyFile, "key-file", "", "Path to the client server TLS key file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.ClientCertFile, "client-cert-file", "", "Path to an explicit peer client TLS cert file otherwise cert file will be used when client auth is required.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.ClientKeyFile, "client-key-file", "", "Path to an explicit peer client TLS key file otherwise key file will be used when client auth is required.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.ClientCertAuth, "client-cert-auth", false, "Enable client cert authentication.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.CRLFile, "client-crl-file", "", "Path to the client certificate revocation list file.")
+	fs.Var(flags.NewStringsValue(""), "client-cert-allowed-hostname", "Comma-separated list of allowed SAN hostnames for client cert authentication.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo.TrustedCAFile, "trusted-ca-file", "", "Path to the client server TLS trusted CA cert file.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ClientAutoTLS, "auto-tls", false, "Client TLS using generated certificates")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.CertFile, "peer-cert-file", "", "Path to the peer server TLS cert file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.KeyFile, "peer-key-file", "", "Path to the peer server TLS key file.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.ClientCertFile, "peer-client-cert-file", "", "Path to an explicit peer client TLS cert file otherwise peer cert file will be used when client auth is required.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.ClientKeyFile, "peer-client-key-file", "", "Path to an explicit peer client TLS key file otherwise peer key file will be used when client auth is required.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.ClientCertAuth, "peer-client-cert-auth", false, "Enable peer client cert authentication.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.TrustedCAFile, "peer-trusted-ca-file", "", "Path to the peer server TLS trusted CA file.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.PeerAutoTLS, "peer-auto-tls", false, "Peer TLS using generated certificates")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.SelfSignedCertValidity, "self-signed-cert-validity", 1, "The validity period of the client and peer certificates, unit is year")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.CRLFile, "peer-crl-file", "", "Path to the peer certificate revocation list file.")
+	fs.Var(flags.NewStringsValue(""), "peer-cert-allowed-cn", "Comma-separated list of allowed CNs for inter-peer TLS authentication.")
+	fs.Var(flags.NewStringsValue(""), "peer-cert-allowed-hostname", "Comma-separated list of allowed SAN hostnames for inter-peer TLS authentication.")
+	fs.Var(flags.NewStringsValue(""), "cipher-suites", "Comma-separated list of supported TLS cipher suites between client/server and peers (empty will be auto-populated by Go).")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalPeerSkipClientSanVerification, "experimental-peer-skip-client-san-verification", false, "Skip verification of SAN field in client certificate for peer connections.Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use peer-skip-client-san-verification instead")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo.SkipClientSANVerify, "peer-skip-client-san-verification", false, "Skip verification of SAN field in client certificate for peer connections.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.TlsMinVersion, "tls-min-version", string(tlsutil.TLSVersion12), "Minimum TLS version supported by etcd. Possible values: TLS1.2, TLS1.3.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.TlsMaxVersion, "tls-max-version", string(tlsutil.TLSVersionDefault), "Maximum TLS version supported by etcd. Possible values: TLS1.2, TLS1.3 (empty defers to Go).")
+
+	fs.Var(
+		flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions("*", "*"),
+		"cors",
+		"Comma-separated white list of origins for CORS, or cross-origin resource sharing, (empty or * means allow all)",
+	)
+	fs.Var(flags.NewUniqueStringsValue("*"), "host-whitelist", "Comma-separated acceptable hostnames from HTTP client requests, if server is not secure (empty means allow all).")
+
+	// logging
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Logger, "logger", "zap", "Currently only supports 'zap' for structured logging.")
+	fs.Var(flags.NewUniqueStringsValue(DefaultLogOutput), "log-outputs", "Specify 'stdout' or 'stderr' to skip journald logging even when running under systemd, or list of comma separated output targets.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.LogLevel, "log-level", logutil.DefaultLogLevel, "Configures log level. Only supports debug, info, warn, error, panic, or fatal. Default 'info'.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.LogFormat, "log-format", logutil.DefaultLogFormat, "Configures log format. Only supports json, console. Default is 'json'.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.EnableLogRotation, "enable-log-rotation", false, "Enable log rotation of a single log-outputs file target.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.LogRotationConfigJSON, "log-rotation-config-json", DefaultLogRotationConfig, "Configures log rotation if enabled with a JSON logger config. Default: MaxSize=100(MB), MaxAge=0(days,no limit), MaxBackups=0(no limit), LocalTime=false(UTC), Compress=false(gzip)")
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.AutoCompactionRetention, "auto-compaction-retention", "0", "Auto compaction retention for mvcc key value store. 0 means disable auto compaction.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.AutoCompactionMode, "auto-compaction-mode", "periodic", "interpret 'auto-compaction-retention' one of: periodic|revision. 'periodic' for duration based retention, defaulting to hours if no time unit is provided (e.g. '5m'). 'revision' for revision number based retention.")
+
+	// pprof profiler via HTTP
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.EnablePprof, "enable-pprof", false, "Enable runtime profiling data via HTTP server. Address is at client URL + \"/debug/pprof/\"")
+
+	// additional metrics
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.Metrics, "metrics", cfg.Metrics, "Set level of detail for exported metrics, specify 'extensive' to include server side grpc histogram metrics")
+
+	// experimental distributed tracing
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalEnableDistributedTracing, "experimental-enable-distributed-tracing", false, "Enable experimental distributed tracing using OpenTelemetry Tracing. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --enable-distributed-tracing instead.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.EnableDistributedTracing, "enable-distributed-tracing", false, "Enable distributed tracing using OpenTelemetry Tracing.")
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress, "experimental-distributed-tracing-address", cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingAddress, "Address for distributed tracing used for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with experimental-enable-distributed-tracing flag). Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --distributed-tracing-address instead.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DistributedTracingAddress, "distributed-tracing-address", cfg.DistributedTracingAddress, "Address for distributed tracing used for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with enable-distributed-tracing flag).")
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName, "experimental-distributed-tracing-service-name", cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceName, "Configures service name for distributed tracing to be used to define service name for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with experimental-enable-distributed-tracing flag). 'etcd' is the default service name. Use the same service name for all instances of etcd. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --distributed-tracing-service-name instead.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DistributedTracingServiceName, "distributed-tracing-service-name", cfg.DistributedTracingServiceName, "Configures service name for distributed tracing to be used to define service name for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with enable-distributed-tracing flag). 'etcd' is the default service name. Use the same service name for all instances of etcd.")
+
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingServiceInstanceID, "experimental-distributed-tracing-instance-id", "", "Configures service instance ID for distributed tracing to be used to define service instance ID key for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with experimental-enable-distributed-tracing flag). There is no default value set. This ID must be unique per etcd instance. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --distributed-tracing-instance-id instead.")
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.DistributedTracingServiceInstanceID, "distributed-tracing-instance-id", "", "Configures service instance ID for distributed tracing to be used to define service instance ID key for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with enable-distributed-tracing flag). There is no default value set. This ID must be unique per etcd instance.")
+
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.ExperimentalDistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion, "experimental-distributed-tracing-sampling-rate", 0, "Number of samples to collect per million spans for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with experimental-enable-distributed-tracing flag). Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --distributed-tracing-sampling-rate instead.")
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.DistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion, "distributed-tracing-sampling-rate", 0, "Number of samples to collect per million spans for OpenTelemetry Tracing (if enabled with enable-distributed-tracing flag).")
+
+	// auth
+	fs.StringVar(&cfg.AuthToken, "auth-token", cfg.AuthToken, "Specify auth token specific options.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.BcryptCost, "bcrypt-cost", cfg.BcryptCost, "Specify bcrypt algorithm cost factor for auth password hashing.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.AuthTokenTTL, "auth-token-ttl", cfg.AuthTokenTTL, "The lifetime in seconds of the auth token.")
+
+	// gateway
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.EnableGRPCGateway, "enable-grpc-gateway", cfg.EnableGRPCGateway, "Enable GRPC gateway.")
+
+	// experimental
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalInitialCorruptCheck, "experimental-initial-corrupt-check", cfg.ExperimentalInitialCorruptCheck, "Enable to check data corruption before serving any client/peer traffic.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalCorruptCheckTime, "experimental-corrupt-check-time", cfg.ExperimentalCorruptCheckTime, "Duration of time between cluster corruption check passes. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --corrupt-check-time instead")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.CorruptCheckTime, "corrupt-check-time", cfg.CorruptCheckTime, "Duration of time between cluster corruption check passes.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckEnabled, "experimental-compact-hash-check-enabled", cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckEnabled, "Enable leader to periodically check followers compaction hashes. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use '--feature-gates=CompactHashCheck=true' instead")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime, "experimental-compact-hash-check-time", cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime, "Duration of time between leader checks followers compaction hashes. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --compact-hash-check-time instead.")
+
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.CompactHashCheckTime, "compact-hash-check-time", cfg.CompactHashCheckTime, "Duration of time between leader checks followers compaction hashes.")
+
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpoint, "experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint", false, "Enable leader to send regular checkpoints to other members to prevent reset of remaining TTL on leader change.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalEnableLeaseCheckpointPersist, "experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint-persist", false, "Enable persisting remainingTTL to prevent indefinite auto-renewal of long lived leases. Always enabled in v3.6. Should be used to ensure smooth upgrade from v3.5 clusters with this feature enabled. Requires experimental-enable-lease-checkpoint to be enabled.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.ExperimentalCompactionBatchLimit, "experimental-compaction-batch-limit", cfg.ExperimentalCompactionBatchLimit, "Sets the maximum revisions deleted in each compaction batch. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --compaction-batch-limit instead.")
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.CompactionBatchLimit, "compaction-batch-limit", cfg.CompactionBatchLimit, "Sets the maximum revisions deleted in each compaction batch.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalCompactionSleepInterval, "experimental-compaction-sleep-interval", cfg.ExperimentalCompactionSleepInterval, "Sets the sleep interval between each compaction batch. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --compaction-sleep-interval instead.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.CompactionSleepInterval, "compaction-sleep-interval", cfg.CompactionSleepInterval, "Sets the sleep interval between each compaction batch.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalWatchProgressNotifyInterval, "experimental-watch-progress-notify-interval", cfg.ExperimentalWatchProgressNotifyInterval, "Duration of periodic watch progress notifications. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --watch-progress-notify-interval instead.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.WatchProgressNotifyInterval, "watch-progress-notify-interval", cfg.WatchProgressNotifyInterval, "Duration of periodic watch progress notifications.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.DowngradeCheckTime, "downgrade-check-time", cfg.DowngradeCheckTime, "Duration of time between two downgrade status checks.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime, "experimental-downgrade-check-time", cfg.ExperimentalDowngradeCheckTime, "Duration of time between two downgrade status checks. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --downgrade-check-time instead.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalWarningApplyDuration, "experimental-warning-apply-duration", cfg.ExperimentalWarningApplyDuration, "Time duration after which a warning is generated if request takes more time. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --warning-watch-progress-duration instead.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.WarningApplyDuration, "warning-apply-duration", cfg.WarningApplyDuration, "Time duration after which a warning is generated if watch progress takes more time.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.WarningUnaryRequestDuration, "warning-unary-request-duration", cfg.WarningUnaryRequestDuration, "Time duration after which a warning is generated if a unary request takes more time.")
+	fs.DurationVar(&cfg.ExperimentalWarningUnaryRequestDuration, "experimental-warning-unary-request-duration", cfg.ExperimentalWarningUnaryRequestDuration, "Time duration after which a warning is generated if a unary request takes more time. It's deprecated, and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --warning-unary-request-duration instead.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalMemoryMlock, "experimental-memory-mlock", cfg.ExperimentalMemoryMlock, "Enable to enforce etcd pages (in particular bbolt) to stay in RAM.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.MemoryMlock, "memory-mlock", cfg.MemoryMlock, "Enable to enforce etcd pages (in particular bbolt) to stay in RAM.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalTxnModeWriteWithSharedBuffer, "experimental-txn-mode-write-with-shared-buffer", true, "Enable the write transaction to use a shared buffer in its readonly check operations.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ExperimentalStopGRPCServiceOnDefrag, "experimental-stop-grpc-service-on-defrag", cfg.ExperimentalStopGRPCServiceOnDefrag, "Enable etcd gRPC service to stop serving client requests on defragmentation.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.ExperimentalBootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes, "experimental-bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes", 0, "Enable the defrag during etcd server bootstrap on condition that it will free at least the provided threshold of disk space. Needs to be set to non-zero value to take effect. It's deprecated, and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes instead.")
+	fs.UintVar(&cfg.BootstrapDefragThresholdMegabytes, "bootstrap-defrag-threshold-megabytes", 0, "Enable the defrag during etcd server bootstrap on condition that it will free at least the provided threshold of disk space. Needs to be set to non-zero value to take effect.")
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	fs.IntVar(&cfg.MaxLearners, "max-learners", membership.DefaultMaxLearners, "Sets the maximum number of learners that can be available in the cluster membership.")
+	fs.Uint64Var(&cfg.ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries, "experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries", cfg.ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries, "Number of entries for a slow follower to catch up after compacting the raft storage entries. Deprecated in v3.6 and will be decommissioned in v3.7. Use --snapshot-catchup-entries instead.")
+	fs.Uint64Var(&cfg.SnapshotCatchUpEntries, "snapshot-catchup-entries", cfg.SnapshotCatchUpEntries, "Number of entries for a slow follower to catch up after compacting the raft storage entries.")
+
+	// unsafe
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.UnsafeNoFsync, "unsafe-no-fsync", false, "Disables fsync, unsafe, will cause data loss.")
+	fs.BoolVar(&cfg.ForceNewCluster, "force-new-cluster", false, "Force to create a new one member cluster.")
+
+	// featuregate
+	cfg.ServerFeatureGate.(featuregate.MutableFeatureGate).AddFlag(fs, ServerFeatureGateFlagName)
+}
+
+func ConfigFromFile(path string) (*Config, error) {
+	cfg := &configYAML{Config: *NewConfig()}
+	if err := cfg.configFromFile(path); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &cfg.Config, nil
+}
+
+func (cfg *configYAML) configFromFile(path string) error {
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defaultInitialCluster := cfg.InitialCluster
+
+	err = yaml.Unmarshal(b, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.ServerFeatureGatesJSON != "" {
+		err = cfg.Config.ServerFeatureGate.(featuregate.MutableFeatureGate).Set(cfg.configJSON.ServerFeatureGatesJSON)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// parses the yaml bytes to raw map first, then getBoolFlagVal can get the top level bool flag value.
+	var cfgMap map[string]any
+	err = yaml.Unmarshal(b, &cfgMap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for flg := range cfgMap {
+		cfg.FlagsExplicitlySet[flg] = true
+	}
+
+	if peerTransportSecurity, ok := cfgMap["peer-transport-security"]; ok {
+		peerTransportSecurityMap, isMap := peerTransportSecurity.(map[string]any)
+		if !isMap {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid peer-transport-security")
+		}
+		for k := range peerTransportSecurityMap {
+			cfg.FlagsExplicitlySet[fmt.Sprintf("peer-%s", k)] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// attempt to fix a bug introduced in https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/pull/15033
+	// both `experimental-snapshot-catch-up-entries` and `experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries` refer to the same field,
+	// 	map the YAML field "experimental-snapshot-catch-up-entries" to the flag "experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries".
+	if val, ok := cfgMap["experimental-snapshot-catch-up-entries"]; ok {
+		cfgMap["experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries"] = val
+		cfg.ExperimentalSnapshotCatchUpEntries = uint64(val.(float64))
+		cfg.FlagsExplicitlySet["experimental-snapshot-catchup-entries"] = true
+	}
+
+	getBoolFlagVal := func(flagName string) *bool {
+		flagVal, ok := cfgMap[flagName]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil
+		}
+		boolVal := flagVal.(bool)
+		return &boolVal
+	}
+	err = SetFeatureGatesFromExperimentalFlags(cfg.ServerFeatureGate, getBoolFlagVal, cfg.configJSON.ServerFeatureGatesJSON)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.ListenPeerURLs != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.configJSON.ListenPeerURLs, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up listen-peer-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.Config.ListenPeerUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.ListenClientURLs != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.configJSON.ListenClientURLs, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up listen-client-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.Config.ListenClientUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.ListenClientHTTPURLs != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.configJSON.ListenClientHTTPURLs, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up listen-client-http-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.Config.ListenClientHttpUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.AdvertisePeerURLs != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.configJSON.AdvertisePeerURLs, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up initial-advertise-peer-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.Config.AdvertisePeerUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.configJSON.AdvertiseClientURLs != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.configJSON.AdvertiseClientURLs, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up advertise-peer-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.Config.AdvertiseClientUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.ListenMetricsUrlsJSON != "" {
+		u, err := types.NewURLs(strings.Split(cfg.ListenMetricsUrlsJSON, ","))
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unexpected error setting up listen-metrics-urls: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		cfg.ListenMetricsUrls = u
+	}
+
+	if cfg.CORSJSON != "" {
+		uv := flags.NewUniqueURLsWithExceptions(cfg.CORSJSON, "*")
+		cfg.CORS = uv.Values
+	}
+
+	if cfg.HostWhitelistJSON != "" {
+		uv := flags.NewUniqueStringsValue(cfg.HostWhitelistJSON)
+		cfg.HostWhitelist = uv.Values
+	}
+
+	// If a discovery or discovery-endpoints flag is set, clear default initial cluster set by InitialClusterFromName
+	if (cfg.Durl != "" || cfg.DNSCluster != "" || len(cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints) > 0) && cfg.InitialCluster == defaultInitialCluster {
+		cfg.InitialCluster = ""
+	}
+	if cfg.ClusterState == "" {
+		cfg.ClusterState = ClusterStateFlagNew
+	}
+
+	copySecurityDetails := func(tls *transport.TLSInfo, ysc *securityConfig) {
+		tls.CertFile = ysc.CertFile
+		tls.KeyFile = ysc.KeyFile
+		tls.ClientCertFile = ysc.ClientCertFile
+		tls.ClientKeyFile = ysc.ClientKeyFile
+		tls.ClientCertAuth = ysc.CertAuth
+		tls.TrustedCAFile = ysc.TrustedCAFile
+		tls.AllowedCNs = ysc.AllowedCNs
+		tls.AllowedHostnames = ysc.AllowedHostnames
+		tls.SkipClientSANVerify = ysc.SkipClientSANVerify
+	}
+	copySecurityDetails(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo, &cfg.ClientSecurityJSON)
+	copySecurityDetails(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo, &cfg.PeerSecurityJSON)
+	cfg.ClientAutoTLS = cfg.ClientSecurityJSON.AutoTLS
+	cfg.PeerAutoTLS = cfg.PeerSecurityJSON.AutoTLS
+	if cfg.SelfSignedCertValidity == 0 {
+		cfg.SelfSignedCertValidity = 1
+	}
+	return cfg.Validate()
+}
+
+// SetFeatureGatesFromExperimentalFlags sets the feature gate values if the feature gate is not explicitly set
+// while their corresponding experimental flags are explicitly set, for all the features in ExperimentalFlagToFeatureMap.
+// TODO: remove after all experimental flags are deprecated.
+func SetFeatureGatesFromExperimentalFlags(fg featuregate.FeatureGate, getExperimentalFlagVal func(string) *bool, featureGatesVal string) error {
+	m := make(map[featuregate.Feature]bool)
+	// verify that the feature gate and its experimental flag are not both set at the same time.
+	for expFlagName, featureName := range features.ExperimentalFlagToFeatureMap {
+		flagVal := getExperimentalFlagVal(expFlagName)
+		if flagVal == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(featureGatesVal, string(featureName)) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both flags: --%s=%v and --%s=%s=%v at the same time, please just use --%s=%s=%v",
+				expFlagName, *flagVal, ServerFeatureGateFlagName, featureName, fg.Enabled(featureName), ServerFeatureGateFlagName, featureName, fg.Enabled(featureName))
+		}
+		m[featureName] = *flagVal
+	}
+
+	// filter out unknown features for fg, because we could use SetFeatureGatesFromExperimentalFlags both for
+	// server and cluster level feature gates.
+	allFeatures := fg.(featuregate.MutableFeatureGate).GetAll()
+	mFiltered := make(map[string]bool)
+	for k, v := range m {
+		if _, ok := allFeatures[k]; ok {
+			mFiltered[string(k)] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return fg.(featuregate.MutableFeatureGate).SetFromMap(mFiltered)
+}
+
+func updateCipherSuites(tls *transport.TLSInfo, ss []string) error {
+	if len(tls.CipherSuites) > 0 && len(ss) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TLSInfo.CipherSuites is already specified (given %v)", ss)
+	}
+	if len(ss) > 0 {
+		cs, err := tlsutil.GetCipherSuites(ss)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		tls.CipherSuites = cs
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func updateMinMaxVersions(info *transport.TLSInfo, min, max string) {
+	// Validate() has been called to check the user input, so it should never fail.
+	var err error
+	if info.MinVersion, err = tlsutil.GetTLSVersion(min); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	if info.MaxVersion, err = tlsutil.GetTLSVersion(max); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Validate ensures that '*embed.Config' fields are properly configured.
+func (cfg *Config) Validate() error {
+	// make sure there is no conflict in the flag settings in the ExperimentalNonBoolFlagMigrationMap
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	for oldFlag, newFlag := range experimentalFlagMigrationMap {
+		if cfg.FlagsExplicitlySet[oldFlag] && cfg.FlagsExplicitlySet[newFlag] {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot set --%s and --%s at the same time, please use --%s only", oldFlag, newFlag, newFlag)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := cfg.setupLogging(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := checkBindURLs(cfg.ListenPeerUrls); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := checkBindURLs(cfg.ListenClientUrls); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := checkBindURLs(cfg.ListenClientHttpUrls); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(cfg.ListenClientHttpUrls) == 0 {
+		cfg.logger.Warn("Running http and grpc server on single port. This is not recommended for production.")
+	}
+	if err := checkBindURLs(cfg.ListenMetricsUrls); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := checkHostURLs(cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls); err != nil {
+		addrs := cfg.getAdvertisePeerURLs()
+		return fmt.Errorf(`--initial-advertise-peer-urls %q must be "host:port" (%w)`, strings.Join(addrs, ","), err)
+	}
+	if err := checkHostURLs(cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls); err != nil {
+		addrs := cfg.getAdvertiseClientURLs()
+		return fmt.Errorf(`--advertise-client-urls %q must be "host:port" (%w)`, strings.Join(addrs, ","), err)
+	}
+	// Check if conflicting flags are passed.
+	nSet := 0
+	for _, v := range []bool{cfg.Durl != "", cfg.InitialCluster != "", cfg.DNSCluster != "", len(cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints) > 0} {
+		if v {
+			nSet++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.ClusterState != ClusterStateFlagNew && cfg.ClusterState != ClusterStateFlagExisting {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected clusterState %q", cfg.ClusterState)
+	}
+
+	if nSet > 1 {
+		return ErrConflictBootstrapFlags
+	}
+
+	// Check if both v2 discovery and v3 discovery flags are passed.
+	v2discoveryFlagsExist := cfg.Dproxy != ""
+	v3discoveryFlagsExist := len(cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints) > 0 ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Token != "" ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Cert != "" ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Key != "" ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Secure.Cacert != "" ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Auth.Username != "" ||
+		cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Auth.Password != ""
+
+	if v2discoveryFlagsExist && v3discoveryFlagsExist {
+		return errors.New("both v2 discovery settings (discovery, discovery-proxy) " +
+			"and v3 discovery settings (discovery-token, discovery-endpoints, discovery-cert, " +
+			"discovery-key, discovery-cacert, discovery-user, discovery-password) are set")
+	}
+
+	// If one of `discovery-token` and `discovery-endpoints` is provided,
+	// then the other one must be provided as well.
+	if (cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Token != "") != (len(cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints) > 0) {
+		return errors.New("both --discovery-token and --discovery-endpoints must be set")
+	}
+
+	for _, ep := range cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(ep) == "" {
+			return errors.New("--discovery-endpoints must not contain empty endpoints")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.TickMs == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--heartbeat-interval must be >0 (set to %dms)", cfg.TickMs)
+	}
+	if cfg.ElectionMs == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--election-timeout must be >0 (set to %dms)", cfg.ElectionMs)
+	}
+	if 5*cfg.TickMs > cfg.ElectionMs {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--election-timeout[%vms] should be at least as 5 times as --heartbeat-interval[%vms]", cfg.ElectionMs, cfg.TickMs)
+	}
+	if cfg.ElectionMs > maxElectionMs {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--election-timeout[%vms] is too long, and should be set less than %vms", cfg.ElectionMs, maxElectionMs)
+	}
+
+	// check this last since proxying in etcdmain may make this OK
+	if cfg.ListenClientUrls != nil && cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls == nil {
+		return ErrUnsetAdvertiseClientURLsFlag
+	}
+
+	switch cfg.AutoCompactionMode {
+	case CompactorModeRevision, CompactorModePeriodic:
+	case "":
+		return errors.New("undefined auto-compaction-mode")
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown auto-compaction-mode %q", cfg.AutoCompactionMode)
+	}
+
+	// Validate distributed tracing configuration but only if enabled.
+	if cfg.EnableDistributedTracing {
+		if err := validateTracingConfig(cfg.DistributedTracingSamplingRatePerMillion); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("distributed tracing configurition is not valid: (%w)", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !cfg.ServerFeatureGate.Enabled(features.LeaseCheckpointPersist) && cfg.ServerFeatureGate.Enabled(features.LeaseCheckpoint) {
+		cfg.logger.Warn("Detected that checkpointing is enabled without persistence. Consider enabling feature gate LeaseCheckpointPersist")
+	}
+
+	if cfg.ServerFeatureGate.Enabled(features.LeaseCheckpointPersist) && !cfg.ServerFeatureGate.Enabled(features.LeaseCheckpoint) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("enabling feature gate LeaseCheckpointPersist requires enabling feature gate LeaseCheckpoint")
+	}
+	// TODO: delete in v3.7
+	if cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--experimental-compact-hash-check-time must be >0 (set to %v)", cfg.ExperimentalCompactHashCheckTime)
+	}
+	if cfg.CompactHashCheckTime <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--compact-hash-check-time must be >0 (set to %v)", cfg.CompactHashCheckTime)
+	}
+
+	// If `--name` isn't configured, then multiple members may have the same "default" name.
+	// When adding a new member with the "default" name as well, etcd may regards its peerURL
+	// as one additional peerURL of the existing member which has the same "default" name,
+	// because each member can have multiple client or peer URLs.
+	// Please refer to https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/13757
+	if cfg.Name == DefaultName {
+		cfg.logger.Warn(
+			"it isn't recommended to use default name, please set a value for --name. "+
+				"Note that etcd might run into issue when multiple members have the same default name",
+			zap.String("name", cfg.Name))
+	}
+
+	minVersion, err := tlsutil.GetTLSVersion(cfg.TlsMinVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	maxVersion, err := tlsutil.GetTLSVersion(cfg.TlsMaxVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// maxVersion == 0 means that Go selects the highest available version.
+	if maxVersion != 0 && minVersion > maxVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf("min version (%s) is greater than max version (%s)", cfg.TlsMinVersion, cfg.TlsMaxVersion)
+	}
+
+	// Check if user attempted to configure ciphers for TLS1.3 only: Go does not support that currently.
+	if minVersion == tls.VersionTLS13 && len(cfg.CipherSuites) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cipher suites cannot be configured when only TLS1.3 is enabled")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PeerURLsMapAndToken sets up an initial peer URLsMap and cluster token for bootstrap or discovery.
+func (cfg *Config) PeerURLsMapAndToken(which string) (urlsmap types.URLsMap, token string, err error) {
+	token = cfg.InitialClusterToken
+	switch {
+	case cfg.Durl != "":
+		urlsmap = types.URLsMap{}
+		// If using v2 discovery, generate a temporary cluster based on
+		// self's advertised peer URLs
+		urlsmap[cfg.Name] = cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls
+		token = cfg.Durl
+
+	case len(cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Endpoints) > 0:
+		urlsmap = types.URLsMap{}
+		// If using v3 discovery, generate a temporary cluster based on
+		// self's advertised peer URLs
+		urlsmap[cfg.Name] = cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls
+		token = cfg.DiscoveryCfg.Token
+
+	case cfg.DNSCluster != "":
+		clusterStrs, cerr := cfg.GetDNSClusterNames()
+		lg := cfg.logger
+		if cerr != nil {
+			lg.Warn("failed to resolve during SRV discovery", zap.Error(cerr))
+		}
+		if len(clusterStrs) == 0 {
+			return nil, "", cerr
+		}
+		for _, s := range clusterStrs {
+			lg.Info("got bootstrap from DNS for etcd-server", zap.String("node", s))
+		}
+		clusterStr := strings.Join(clusterStrs, ",")
+		if strings.Contains(clusterStr, "https://") && cfg.PeerTLSInfo.TrustedCAFile == "" {
+			cfg.PeerTLSInfo.ServerName = cfg.DNSCluster
+		}
+		urlsmap, err = types.NewURLsMap(clusterStr)
+		// only etcd member must belong to the discovered cluster.
+		// proxy does not need to belong to the discovered cluster.
+		if which == "etcd" {
+			if _, ok := urlsmap[cfg.Name]; !ok {
+				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("cannot find local etcd member %q in SRV records", cfg.Name)
+			}
+		}
+
+	default:
+		// We're statically configured, and cluster has appropriately been set.
+		urlsmap, err = types.NewURLsMap(cfg.InitialCluster)
+	}
+	return urlsmap, token, err
+}
+
+// GetDNSClusterNames uses DNS SRV records to get a list of initial nodes for cluster bootstrapping.
+// This function will return a list of one or more nodes, as well as any errors encountered while
+// performing service discovery.
+// Note: Because this checks multiple sets of SRV records, discovery should only be considered to have
+// failed if the returned node list is empty.
+func (cfg *Config) GetDNSClusterNames() ([]string, error) {
+	var (
+		clusterStrs       []string
+		cerr              error
+		serviceNameSuffix string
+	)
+	if cfg.DNSClusterServiceName != "" {
+		serviceNameSuffix = "-" + cfg.DNSClusterServiceName
+	}
+
+	lg := cfg.GetLogger()
+
+	// Use both etcd-server-ssl and etcd-server for discovery.
+	// Combine the results if both are available.
+	clusterStrs, cerr = getCluster("https", "etcd-server-ssl"+serviceNameSuffix, cfg.Name, cfg.DNSCluster, cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls)
+	if cerr != nil {
+		clusterStrs = make([]string, 0)
+	}
+	lg.Info(
+		"get cluster for etcd-server-ssl SRV",
+		zap.String("service-scheme", "https"),
+		zap.String("service-name", "etcd-server-ssl"+serviceNameSuffix),
+		zap.String("server-name", cfg.Name),
+		zap.String("discovery-srv", cfg.DNSCluster),
+		zap.Strings("advertise-peer-urls", cfg.getAdvertisePeerURLs()),
+		zap.Strings("found-cluster", clusterStrs),
+		zap.Error(cerr),
+	)
+
+	defaultHTTPClusterStrs, httpCerr := getCluster("http", "etcd-server"+serviceNameSuffix, cfg.Name, cfg.DNSCluster, cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls)
+	if httpCerr == nil {
+		clusterStrs = append(clusterStrs, defaultHTTPClusterStrs...)
+	}
+	lg.Info(
+		"get cluster for etcd-server SRV",
+		zap.String("service-scheme", "http"),
+		zap.String("service-name", "etcd-server"+serviceNameSuffix),
+		zap.String("server-name", cfg.Name),
+		zap.String("discovery-srv", cfg.DNSCluster),
+		zap.Strings("advertise-peer-urls", cfg.getAdvertisePeerURLs()),
+		zap.Strings("found-cluster", clusterStrs),
+		zap.Error(httpCerr),
+	)
+
+	return clusterStrs, errors.Join(cerr, httpCerr)
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) InitialClusterFromName(name string) (ret string) {
+	if len(cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	n := name
+	if name == "" {
+		n = DefaultName
+	}
+	for i := range cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls {
+		ret = ret + "," + n + "=" + cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ret[1:]
+}
+
+// InferLocalAddr tries to determine the LocalAddr used when communicating with
+// an etcd peer. If SetMemberLocalAddr is true, then it will try to get the host
+// from AdvertisePeerUrls by searching for the first URL with a specified
+// non-loopback address. Otherwise, it defaults to empty string and the
+// LocalAddr used will be the default for the Golang HTTP client.
+func (cfg *Config) InferLocalAddr() string {
+	if !cfg.ServerFeatureGate.Enabled(features.SetMemberLocalAddr) {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	lg := cfg.GetLogger()
+	lg.Info(
+		"searching for a suitable member local address in AdvertisePeerURLs",
+		zap.Strings("advertise-peer-urls", cfg.getAdvertisePeerURLs()),
+	)
+	for _, peerURL := range cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls {
+		if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(peerURL.Hostname()); err == nil {
+			if addr.IsLoopback() || addr.IsUnspecified() {
+				continue
+			}
+			lg.Info(
+				"setting member local address",
+				zap.String("LocalAddr", addr.String()),
+			)
+			return addr.String()
+		}
+	}
+	lg.Warn(
+		"unable to set a member local address due to lack of suitable local addresses",
+		zap.Strings("advertise-peer-urls", cfg.getAdvertisePeerURLs()),
+	)
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) IsNewCluster() bool { return cfg.ClusterState == ClusterStateFlagNew }
+func (cfg *Config) ElectionTicks() int { return int(cfg.ElectionMs / cfg.TickMs) }
+
+func (cfg *Config) V2DeprecationEffective() config.V2DeprecationEnum {
+	if cfg.V2Deprecation == "" {
+		return config.V2DeprDefault
+	}
+	return cfg.V2Deprecation
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) defaultPeerHost() bool {
+	return len(cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls) == 1 && cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls[0].String() == DefaultInitialAdvertisePeerURLs
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) defaultClientHost() bool {
+	return len(cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls) == 1 && cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls[0].String() == DefaultAdvertiseClientURLs
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) ClientSelfCert() (err error) {
+	if !cfg.ClientAutoTLS {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !cfg.ClientTLSInfo.Empty() {
+		cfg.logger.Warn("ignoring client auto TLS since certs given")
+		return nil
+	}
+	chosts := make([]string, 0, len(cfg.ListenClientUrls)+len(cfg.ListenClientHttpUrls))
+	for _, u := range cfg.ListenClientUrls {
+		chosts = append(chosts, u.Host)
+	}
+	for _, u := range cfg.ListenClientHttpUrls {
+		chosts = append(chosts, u.Host)
+	}
+	cfg.ClientTLSInfo, err = transport.SelfCert(cfg.logger, filepath.Join(cfg.Dir, "fixtures", "client"), chosts, cfg.SelfSignedCertValidity)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return updateCipherSuites(&cfg.ClientTLSInfo, cfg.CipherSuites)
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) PeerSelfCert() (err error) {
+	if !cfg.PeerAutoTLS {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !cfg.PeerTLSInfo.Empty() {
+		cfg.logger.Warn("ignoring peer auto TLS since certs given")
+		return nil
+	}
+	phosts := make([]string, len(cfg.ListenPeerUrls))
+	for i, u := range cfg.ListenPeerUrls {
+		phosts[i] = u.Host
+	}
+	cfg.PeerTLSInfo, err = transport.SelfCert(cfg.logger, filepath.Join(cfg.Dir, "fixtures", "peer"), phosts, cfg.SelfSignedCertValidity)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return updateCipherSuites(&cfg.PeerTLSInfo, cfg.CipherSuites)
+}
+
+// UpdateDefaultClusterFromName updates cluster advertise URLs with, if available, default host,
+// if advertise URLs are default values(localhost:2379,2380) AND if listen URL is 0.0.0.0.
+// e.g. advertise peer URL localhost:2380 or listen peer URL 0.0.0.0:2380
+// then the advertise peer host would be updated with machine's default host,
+// while keeping the listen URL's port.
+// User can work around this by explicitly setting URL with 127.0.0.1.
+// It returns the default hostname, if used, and the error, if any, from getting the machine's default host.
+// TODO: check whether fields are set instead of whether fields have default value
+func (cfg *Config) UpdateDefaultClusterFromName(defaultInitialCluster string) (string, error) {
+	if defaultHostname == "" || defaultHostStatus != nil {
+		// update 'initial-cluster' when only the name is specified (e.g. 'etcd --name=abc')
+		if cfg.Name != DefaultName && cfg.InitialCluster == defaultInitialCluster {
+			cfg.InitialCluster = cfg.InitialClusterFromName(cfg.Name)
+		}
+		return "", defaultHostStatus
+	}
+
+	used := false
+	pip, pport := cfg.ListenPeerUrls[0].Hostname(), cfg.ListenPeerUrls[0].Port()
+	if cfg.defaultPeerHost() && pip == "0.0.0.0" {
+		cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls[0] = url.URL{Scheme: cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls[0].Scheme, Host: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", defaultHostname, pport)}
+		used = true
+	}
+	// update 'initial-cluster' when only the name is specified (e.g. 'etcd --name=abc')
+	if cfg.Name != DefaultName && cfg.InitialCluster == defaultInitialCluster {
+		cfg.InitialCluster = cfg.InitialClusterFromName(cfg.Name)
+	}
+
+	cip, cport := cfg.ListenClientUrls[0].Hostname(), cfg.ListenClientUrls[0].Port()
+	if cfg.defaultClientHost() && cip == "0.0.0.0" {
+		cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls[0] = url.URL{Scheme: cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls[0].Scheme, Host: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", defaultHostname, cport)}
+		used = true
+	}
+	dhost := defaultHostname
+	if !used {
+		dhost = ""
+	}
+	return dhost, defaultHostStatus
+}
+
+// checkBindURLs returns an error if any URL uses a domain name.
+func checkBindURLs(urls []url.URL) error {
+	for _, url := range urls {
+		if url.Scheme == "unix" || url.Scheme == "unixs" {
+			continue
+		}
+		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(url.Host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if host == "localhost" {
+			// special case for local address
+			// TODO: support /etc/hosts ?
+			continue
+		}
+		if net.ParseIP(host) == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected IP in URL for binding (%s)", url.String())
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkHostURLs(urls []url.URL) error {
+	for _, url := range urls {
+		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(url.Host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if host == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected empty host (%s)", url.String())
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) getAdvertisePeerURLs() (ss []string) {
+	ss = make([]string, len(cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls))
+	for i := range cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls {
+		ss[i] = cfg.AdvertisePeerUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ss
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) getListenPeerURLs() (ss []string) {
+	ss = make([]string, len(cfg.ListenPeerUrls))
+	for i := range cfg.ListenPeerUrls {
+		ss[i] = cfg.ListenPeerUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ss
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) getAdvertiseClientURLs() (ss []string) {
+	ss = make([]string, len(cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls))
+	for i := range cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls {
+		ss[i] = cfg.AdvertiseClientUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ss
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) getListenClientURLs() (ss []string) {
+	ss = make([]string, len(cfg.ListenClientUrls))
+	for i := range cfg.ListenClientUrls {
+		ss[i] = cfg.ListenClientUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ss
+}
+
+func (cfg *Config) getMetricsURLs() (ss []string) {
+	ss = make([]string, len(cfg.ListenMetricsUrls))
+	for i := range cfg.ListenMetricsUrls {
+		ss[i] = cfg.ListenMetricsUrls[i].String()
+	}
+	return ss
+}
+
+func parseBackendFreelistType(freelistType string) bolt.FreelistType {
+	if freelistType == freelistArrayType {
+		return bolt.FreelistArrayType
+	}
+
+	return bolt.FreelistMapType
+}